Mitosis

This slide displays the early prophase. Cell A is in interphase. You can see that in cell B the chromosomes have gotten more thick and shorter. This shows the beginning of mitosis.

This slide displays the prophase. You are now able to see that the chromosomes in the larger spot have gotten more short and thick. 

This slide displays the metaphase. You can now see that the chromosomes have moved to the middle of the cell and now appear as short, thick rods.

 This slide displays the early anaphase. Cell D shows that the chromosomes have doubled and that those two parts are starting to separate from each other. At the lower part of the cell, spindle fibers are slightly visible.(marked by S)

 This slide displays the anaphase. Now in cell E, every chromosome has finished separating. Now the cell will be able to produce two identical sets of chromosomes.

 This slide displays the late anaphase. The two sets of chromosomes are now spreading further apart and will soon start to get situated into two whole nuclei.

 This slide displays the telophase. You can now see that the sets of chromosomes have formed into what will soon be a nucleus. There are no longer single chromosomes. In between the sets, you can see spindle fibers.

This slide displays the late telophase. The H cells are now showing the last stage of mitosis. You can see the walls of these cell have not fully developed yet. Cell A has completed mitosis and is now in interphase.

Mutations

A mutation is the change of the DNA in a cell. Various factors in the environment contribute to the cause of a mutation. These are called mutagens.  Various poisonous chemicals such as cigarette smoke and pesticides are examples of mutagens. As well as poisonous chemicals, radiation is also a nutagen. A mutation can be positive, negative, or neutral. A positive mutation would be when you are benefited by it. For example, some people have a mutation that protects them from getting HIV. A neutral mutation would be when the mutation does not affect your well being. An example of a neutral mutation would be  your eye color, it doesn't give you any advantages or disadvantages. A negative mutation would be a mutation that affects your well being in a harmful way. A disease such as Down's Syndrome would be an example of a negative mutation. When DNA mutates, the pairs that bases are suposed to go into get switched around. Meaning a base could be added, taken away, or a base could be put in place of another. This changing of bases is what causes the mutation.

Detergent Lab

Science 9- Block C                                                                                                 September 10th, 2013

Do expensive detergents clean better than cheaper varieties?

Purpose: To find out if expensive detergents clean better than cheaper varieties.

Hypothesis: I predict that Tide will clean the stain better than the rest of the detergents.

Apparatus and Materials: cloth, ketchup, Tide, Woolite, Western Family detergent, Sunlight, eye dropper, beaker, water

Procedure:

1. Cut cloth into 5 strips and stain cloth with ketchup, let it sit over night

2. Measure out 10 drops of each detergent in 200ml of water and mix with room temperature water

3. Wash cloth for 3 minutes

4. Let cloth dry completely

5. Record your results with pictures

Observations and Results:

(in order from cleanest to dirtiest)

Tide: Cleaned the cloth very well, it left only the slightest sign that the stain was there. Tide cleaned the ketchup stain better than the rest of the detergents.

Sunlight: Sunlight also cleaned the cloth very well, but there are a few more traces of ketchup left compared to the one cleaned with Tide.

Western Family: The Western Family detergent did not clean nearly as well as Tide and Sunlight. It is obvious the stain is still there, but it is faded.

Woolite: This detergent did not clean out the stain easily, making it the worst detergent out of the four. It did clean the stain a little bit, but it is more noticeably stained than the rest.

Water: Surprisingly, water cleaned just about as well as the Woolite. It took out a some of the stain, but it is still not very clean.

Before

  

After
Water, Tide, Western Family, Sunlight, Woolite

Conclusions: To conclude, my hypothesis was supported. Tide cleaned the best out of the four detergents, it left very little evidence that there was a ketchup stain on the cloth. Tide is more expensive than some other brands, but it cleaned the best. Although Woolite was the most expensive out of all the brands we used, it cleaned the least well out of the four. Which makes it not true that more expensive detergents clean better than cheaper varieties.

Why Do We Get Bored?